Darʾ Taʿâroud al-ʿAql wa-n-NaqlIbn Taimiya

They are also told:

Your primary aim is to defend Islam and refute its opponents. Yet neither the Book of Allah, nor the Sunnah of His Messenger, nor anything transmitted from the earliest believers and those who followed them in righteousness contains this doctrine that you have introduced and made the foundation of the Muslims’ religion.

Nowhere in these sources is it stated that the Lord had eternally done nothing and spoken nothing, and had been unable to do either; that He then acted and spoke after an infinite span of time is assumed to have passed; or that He became able to act and speak after having been unable to do so. Rather, the Quran, the Sunnah, and the statements of the Companions and their successors contradict what you have said. Thus, the speculative theology you introduced and claimed to be the foundation of religion conflicts with both revelation and reason. Then those who adopted your views began reporting that this was the position of Muslims, Jews, and Christians.

This position is not known to have been held by any of the prophets or their companions. Rather, what is known of their teachings contradicts it. What is established in the teachings of the prophets is that everything other than Allah is created and came into existence after not existing. This is contrary to the position of the philosophers who say that the celestial spheres, intellects, souls, or something else besides Allah are beginningless and eternal, having always existed and continuing to exist forever.

It is also said:

When someone says, “An agent is one who brings a thing into existence from nonexistence,” do you mean that the agent of a particular thing is not its agent unless he brings it into existence from nonexistence? Or do you mean that an agent cannot himself be an agent of anything unless his agency was first impossible and then became possible?

The first is conceded; the second is rejected.

The reason for this is the distinction between a particular act and action as a kind. If an agent can only be conceived as bringing something into existence after its nonexistence, it does not follow that he can only be conceived as an agent after previously not having been an agent. Rather, reason cannot conceive of agency coming into being without a cause.

ويقال لهم: مقصودكم الأول نصر الإسلام والرد على مخالفيه، وليس في كتاب الله، ولا سنة رسوله، ولا عن أحد من السابقين الأولين، والتابعين لهم بإحسان، هذا القول الذي أحدثتموه وجعلتموه أصل دين المسلمين. ليس فيه أن الرب لم يزل لا يفعل شيئا ، ولا يتكلم بشيء، ولا يمكنه ذلك، ثم إنه بعد تقدير أزمنة لا نهاية لها فعل وتكلم وإنه صار ممكناً من الفعل والكلام بعد أن لم يكن متمكناً، بل القرآن والسنة وكلام الصحابة والتابعين يناقض ما ذكرتموه، فكان ما ابتدعتموه من الكلام الذي ادعيتم أنه أصل الدين مخالفاً للسمع والعقل، ثم إنه صار من تقلدكم ينقل عن المسلمين واليهود والنصارى أن هذا قولهم. ولا يعرف هذا القول عن أحد من الأنبياء ولا أصحابهم، بل المعروف عنهم يناقض ذلك، ولكن الثابت عند الأنبياء أن كل ما سوى الله مخلوق حادث بعد أن لم يكن، خلاف قول الفلاسفة الذين يقولون: إن الأفلاك، أو العقول، أو النفوس أو شيئاً غير ذلك مما سوى الله، قديم أزلي، لم يزل ولا يزل. ويقال: قول القائل: الفاعل هو المحصل للشيء عن عدم، أتريد به الفاعل للشيء المشار إليه أنه لا يكون فاعلاً له إلا إذا حصله عن عدم؟ أم تريد به أنه لا يكون الفاعل في نفسه فاعلاً لشيء حتى تكون فاعليته ممتنعة، ثم صارت ممكنة؟ أما الأول فمسلم. والثاني ممنوع. وسبب ذلك الفرق بين الفعل ونوعه. فإذا لم يعقل فاعل لمعنى إلا بعد عدمه، لم يلزم ألا يعقل كون الفاعل فاعلاً إلا بعد أن لم يكن فاعلاً، بل العقل لا يعقل حدوث فاعلية بلا سبب.

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