of causes: a cause has another cause alongside it, not during the cause’s nonexistence. For a thing does not act while nonexistent; it acts only while it exists. Thus, whenever causation occurs, the cause must exist. A complete cause cannot exist in the absence of causation; it exists only when causation occurs. Yet its very act of causation is followed by the effect. If the completeness of being a cause is held to be simultaneous with the effect, this is an infinite regress of causes, not of effects.
Someone might say: “This is what al-Rāzī meant when he said: ‘Being a cause is not an actually existing attribute additional to the essence; otherwise, it would require a cause, whose being a cause would itself be additional, leading to an infinite regress.’” For he may mean a simultaneous regress, not a successive one. If being a cause were additional, it would require a cause simultaneous with it, as some philosophers and speculative theologians maintain.
Al-Rāzī may hold this view; in that case, this regress is invalid by the agreement of all rational people.
Someone might then say: “This is the very argument by which al-Rāzī demonstrated the untenable consequences of the philosophers’ position, when he said:
‘The answer is that this entails the perpetual existence of the first effect, since the perpetual existence of the Necessary Existent is necessary; and the perpetual existence of the second, because of the perpetual existence of the first; and so on. It rules out temporal occurrences altogether.’”
He said:
“If you say: ‘The Necessary Existent’s emanation is universal; the coming into existence of an effect from it depends on the dispositions of receptive subjects. Thus, every temporally originated thing is preceded by another, with no first member of the series.’
“I reply: The coming into existence of a particular accident must have a cause. If that cause is temporally originated, the question arises again concerning the cause of its coming into existence. This would entail the simultaneous existence of infinitely many causes and effects, which is impossible. If, however, the cause is eternal, the eternity of the cause does not entail the eternity of the effect. The same therefore applies to the entirety of