for its being a cause without an effect is impossible. It is therefore clear that the effect follows the act of causation, which is being a cause: when it creates, the created thing comes into existence, and when it acts upon something else, the effect occurs. Thus, the effect follows the act of causation, whereas he has placed being a cause after the effect.
This is not so. Rather, being a cause precedes the effect—or, according to some, is simultaneous with it. No rational person has said that being a cause comes after the effect. Some have said that the effect comes afterwards, separated from it; others have said that it is simultaneous with it; and others have said that it follows without an interval, neither separated from it nor simultaneous with it. This last position is the most correct.
On either supposition, however, being a cause comes into existence upon becoming complete. It must therefore require another instance of being a cause, with the second instance following the first.
This is coherent and entails nothing objectionable. The first instance of being a cause thus necessitates the cause’s being a cause of an effect separate from it, and its being a cause of that effect necessitates the effect itself.
This accords with the position of the majority, who say that what is necessitated follows the complete necessitating cause; the effect follows the complete cause; what is produced follows the completion of agency; and the caused thing follows the completion of causality.
As for those who hold that the effect is simultaneous in time with the cause—as a group of philosophers and those who agree with them maintain—their position has implications that invalidate it. For whenever a complete instance of being a cause exists, it must have another complete instance of being a cause; alongside that complete instance, there must be yet another complete instance, and so on. This is an infinite regress in the completeness of being a cause, and it is of the same kind as an infinite regress of causes, not of effects. For an infinite regress in the completeness of being a cause is of the same kind as an infinite regress