I reply:
The coming into existence of a particular accident must have a cause. If that cause has itself come into existence, the same question arises concerning the cause of its coming into existence. This would entail the simultaneous existence of infinitely many causes and effects, which is impossible. If, however, it has existed from eternity, the cause’s existence from eternity does not entail the effect’s existence from eternity. The same therefore applies to the world as a whole.
[Al-Urmawī’s objection to al-Rāzī]
Al-Urmawī objected to this answer, saying:
One might say: If by “cause” you mean the complete cause, its coming into existence does not establish that the efficient causal agent has come into existence. Rather, it establishes either that the agent has come into existence or that some of its conditions have done so. If you mean the efficient cause, the coming into existence of a particular accident does not necessarily entail that this cause has come into existence, but either that it has done so or that some of the conditions have come into existence. According to you, an infinite succession of conditions and preparatory factors coming into existence is possible.
He said:
Rather, the compelling answer to this is that it does not entail the corporeal world’s existence from eternity. For an intellect or a soul could have existed from eternity, with successive conceptions issuing from either, each occurring after the one adjoining it, until a particular conception is reached that constitutes a condition for the emanation of the corporeal world from the eternal principle.
[Ibn Taymiyyah’s reply to al-Urmawī]
I say:
The consequence that al-Rāzī required them to accept is valid and directly applicable. It is the second answer that al-Ghazālī gave them in his book al-Tahāfut (The Incoherence).
As for al-Urmawī’s objection, the answer is this: If the premise is that a complete cause necessarily entails its effect, and that its effect is inseparable from its cause, then nothing can come into existence from it. Anything that does come into existence must have