just as they do, and more powerfully.
If a miracle’s attestation to the Messenger’s truthfulness is known with immediate certainty—as in their analogy of a man who presents himself before a king whose commands are obeyed and says, “If I am your messenger, depart from your usual practice: stand up, then sit down, then stand up and sit down again,” whereupon the king departs from his usual practice and does precisely what the claimant requested, so that those present know with immediate certainty that he did this to confirm the man’s claim—then the following is clear.
Suppose two men dispute whether there is a scribe inside a particular house who writes in a fine hand. The man claiming that there is takes a blank sheet of paper, together with another sheet bearing a poem they have just composed, and says, “If there is a scribe in there, let him copy this poem onto this blank sheet.” If the blank sheet is then brought out to them with that poem written on it, they will be certain that someone inside can copy it.
Likewise, if someone disputes the existence of a Creator who overturns the customary course of events and alters the order of the world, and a claimant to messengership produces a miracle demonstrating this, the existence of the Creator who works such wonders and alters the world’s customary order is known with immediate certainty.
In short, a staff turning into a serpent provides greater evidence for the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, wise Creator than does the repeated creation of a human being from a drop of semen. If the latter itself establishes the Creator’s existence, the former does so all the more.
This is not the place to elaborate on this. The purpose is merely to point out that miracles can establish both the existence of the Creator and the truthfulness of His Messenger.
What we have stated—that acknowledgment of the Creator is innate and immediately certain—is the view of most people, even most schools of speculative theology. Groups among the Muʿtazilah, the Shia, and others have upheld this view.