misguidance will bear a burden of sin equal to the burdens of those who follow him, without that diminishing their burdens in the least.”

For this reason, the things they call “generated effects” are commanded in some cases and prohibited in others. As Allah Most High says:

“When the sacred months have passed, kill the polytheists wherever you find them.”

Allah Most High also says:

“If you support Allah, He will support you.”

And He says:

“If they seek your help in religion, it is your duty to help them.”

Allah Most High also says:

“Fight them: Allah will punish them at your hands, disgrace them, grant you victory over them, and heal the hearts of a believing people.”

Thus, He states that He is the One who inflicts punishment through the believers’ hands. This is discussed at length elsewhere.

The point here is that, since the Qadariyyah claim that the faith arising in the heart is not Allah’s doing but solely the servant’s, and that it lies outside Allah’s power and is not among the favors He bestows upon the servant, the foregoing refutes them.

As for someone who acknowledges that this comes from Allah’s grace and kindness, and regards what is attained through rational reflection and inference as part of Allah’s grace and kindness, the foregoing is no argument against him if he says that Allah may guide the servant through his rational reflection and inference and place beneficial knowledge in his heart.

The proponents of affirmation have disagreed about how sound rational reflection gives rise to knowledge: is it