We reply:
This only follows if He acts by the necessity of His essence, not if He is an agent capable of acting.
His statement:
Since an agent capable of acting can act at a given time, or before or after it, his causal efficacy depends on a determining factor.
We reply:
The only basis for rebutting this is to say that, when an agent capable of acting brings about one of two things within his power rather than the other, his action does not depend on a determining factor.
His statement:
If a contingent thing can dispense with a determining factor here, it should also be able to do so elsewhere, which would entail denying the Maker.
We reply:
We have already stated that the self-evident judgment of reason distinguishes in this respect between an agent capable of acting and anything else. A distinction established by such self-evidence cannot be rejected.”
I say: This is a well-known answer of the Muʿtazilīs. He and others like him continually set out this answer in their books, yet argue against the Muʿtazilīs concerning the creation of human actions and other questions using the following argument: a contingent possibility cannot be actualized, whether by an agent capable of acting or by anything else, without a determining factor that makes the existence of the effect necessary.
Thus, when these people debate the philosophers concerning the temporal origination of the world, they answer them only with the Muʿtazilīs’ answer. Yet whenever they debate the Muʿtazilīs on questions of divine decree, they use against them this very argument advanced by the philosophers. If this argument is sound, their argument against the Muʿtazilīs is invalid; if it is unsound, their answer to the philosophers is invalid.
This is prevalent among the adherents of philosophy and the scholastic theologians who oppose the Quran and Sunnah: you constantly find them contradicting themselves. They invoke an argument that they claim is a brilliant demonstration, then elsewhere say:
“The invalidity of this argument is self-evident to reason.”