among those who are certain.” And you know that, if the Commander is of this nature, the creation of these bodies and the origin of their being cannot be like the coming into being of bodies here. The human intellect falls short of comprehending how that act takes place, even though it acknowledges its existence. Whoever, then, attempts to liken the two modes of existence—one of them to the agent—and to maintain that their Agent acts in the same manner as the agents found here, is profoundly heedless, gravely mistaken, and prone to frequent error.”

He said:

“This, then, is the fullest account through which the views of the ancients may be understood concerning the heavenly bodies, the affirmation of their creation, the affirmation that He is not a body, and the affirmation of beings below Him that are not bodies, one of which is the soul.”

He said:

“As for proving His existence on the grounds that they came into being in the same way as the bodies we observe—as the speculative theologians have attempted—this is exceedingly difficult. The premises employed in other approaches do not lead them to what they intended to demonstrate.”