a cause or not requires a separate proof.

Ibn Rushd discussed the account attributed to the philosophers in Ibn Sīnā’s books concerning the emanation of the world from Allah: that it emanated from an intellect, then from that intellect emanated another intellect, a soul, and a celestial sphere, and so on down to the tenth intellect, as is well known from their doctrine and its exposition.

Commenting on Abū Hāmid’s account of their position, Ibn Rushd said:

“All this is conjecture foisted upon the philosophers by Ibn Sīnā, Abū Nasr, and others. These thinkers’ ancient doctrine is that there are principles, namely the celestial bodies, and that the principles of celestial beings are entities separate from matter which move the celestial bodies. The celestial bodies move toward them in obedience to them, out of love for them, in compliance with their command to move, and with understanding of what they convey; these bodies were created solely for motion.

For once it was established that the principles which move the celestial bodies are