These matters, then, are among the roots of their error: they made the one many and the many one, placed what is in the mind in external reality, and made what is in the mind… This led them to regard what exists as nonexistent and what does not exist as existent. These are some of the kinds of error into which they fall. All of this is discussed at length elsewhere.
Our purpose here is to draw attention to certain points that expose their contradictions and errors in the rational arguments by which they denied the attributes of Allah, Almighty and Majestic, and opposed the Messenger’s statements, which are established through sound transmission and accord with clear reason. The more a discerning and intelligent person examines the views of these heretics and those among the people of innovation who agree with some of their views—such as those who deny certain attributes and claim that reason contradicts the Messenger’s words and must take precedence over them—the clearer it becomes to him that sound reason enables him to recognize what confirms the Messenger’s reports and exposes the invalidity of what opposes them.
These people, however, resorted to ambiguous, equivocal expressions that admit multiple meanings in the languages of different peoples. They began introducing into them meanings that are not understood from them in those languages. They then combined these expressions into lengthy constructions, building one part upon another. They magnified their discourse and made it seem formidable to those who did not understand it. Undoubtedly, it contains subtlety and obscurity because of its equivocal terms and ambiguous meanings.
When a student joins them and they address him with ideas from which his innate disposition recoils, he begins to object. They tell him: “You do not understand this; this is not suitable for you.” The pride and defensiveness within him then drive him to accept these matters before he has properly examined them, and to refrain from objecting for fear that they will accuse him of lacking knowledge and intelligence. And they led people