“He is necessary in Himself,” nor, “He is not necessary in Himself.” Thus, He cannot be described by either negation or affirmation, since this would constitute a form of differentiation and qualification.
This is the true substance of the position of the esoteric Qarmatians, who refuse to describe Him by either negation or affirmation. It is well known that excluding both contradictory alternatives is impossible, just as combining them is impossible.
If, however, He is qualified by the negation of affirmative realities but not privative ones, His condition is worse than if He were qualified by the negation of both affirmative and privative realities. For He shares the designation “existence” with other things: they are distinguished from Him by existential features, whereas He is distinguished from them by privative features. Thus, every existent thing would be more perfect than He.
If He is qualified by the negation of both affirmative and privative realities, this is closer to existence than being distinguished by the negation of existence but not of nonexistence. Although this is impossible, that too is impossible and is closer to nonexistence. Their position therefore entails that necessary existence, which cannot admit nonexistence, is precisely that which is impossible and whose existence in external reality is inconceivable. The mind merely supposes it, just as it supposes something to be both existent and nonexistent, or neither existent nor nonexistent. This entails both combining contradictory alternatives and excluding them both.
All rational people agree that this is among the greatest impossibilities. Indeed, it may be said that all impossibilities ultimately amount to combining contradictory alternatives. For this reason, Ibn Sīnā and those like him were adherents of the esoteric Qarmatian call, among the followers of al-Hākim, who was in Egypt. These people and others like them were leading esoteric heretics. He himself recorded this about himself, stating that he and his household were adherents of the call of these