subsisting in itself, it is the thinker. If it thinks about itself or something else, its very act of thinking about itself or something else is not identical with its essence. Likewise, if it is called a passionate lover and an object of passionate love in their terminology, or a beloved and a lover in Muslim terminology, neither love nor passionate love is identical with the passionate lover or the lover himself; nor is passionate love or love identical with the object of passionate love or the beloved. Rather, the distinction between what a verbal noun denotes and what an active or passive participle denotes, and the distinction between an attribute and its bearer, are firmly established in the innate constitution of human reason and in the languages of nations. Whoever identifies one with the other has engaged in sophistry that is evident to anyone who understands what he is saying. Hence their ultimate position is sophistry in matters of reason and Qarmatian distortion in matters of revelation.
[The third]
The third ground:
It may be said that absolute existence—whether conditioned by absoluteness, conditioned by the negation of affirmative realities, or without qualification—is something that clear reason knows does not exist in external reality. It exists only in the mind. This is something they themselves have established in their Greek logic. They have explained that what is absolute, conditioned by absoluteness—such as a human being conditioned by absoluteness, an animal conditioned by absoluteness, a body conditioned by absoluteness, or existence conditioned by absoluteness—exists only in minds, not among concrete entities.
When their early thinkers affirmed universals separate ع from concrete entities, which they call Platonic Forms, their more discerning thinkers rejected this and said, “These exist only in the mind.” Then those who claimed that these universals exist separately in external reality said, “They are separate from sensible concrete entities ن.” Yet they hold that these universals cannot be what brings concrete entities into existence; indeed, they cannot even be a condition for the existence of concrete entities, since they must be either an attribute of those entities or a part of them.