The atheists who deny resurrection base all their specious arguments on claims that negate the Lord’s knowledge, power, will, or wisdom. Negating such inability establishes these attributes, thereby invalidating the foundations of their specious arguments.

The metaphysical philosophers—the followers of al-Fārābī, Ibn Sīnā, and others like them—are the best known of these groups for wisdom, rational inquiry, and learning. Their principal basis for denying resurrection is their belief that the world is eternal and that the agent is a complete cause that necessitates its effects by its very essence. Its action does not vary, and consequently the world cannot change.

The ways in which their statements negate His power, knowledge, and will have been set out at length elsewhere. One of the simplest points is that they in fact deny that He is the Creator of things that come into being.

Since it is self-evident to reason that things which come into being, together with their particular features, precise design, and wisdom, point to the all-knowing, all-powerful, all-wise Creator, the falsity of their position becomes clear. Their position entails that everything which comes into being does so without anyone bringing it into being. For none of the effects of the eternal, complete cause which they identify as the First can arise later than that cause. Thus, no event can be an effect of that cause, nor can it be something that cause brings about. Nor can events be the effects of another complete cause that necessitates its effects by its very essence, for the argument concerning that