and both of these alternatives are categorically false. This is among the gravest attacks that hypocrites level against the religion. Such notions occur only to someone who is ignorant of the realities of what the Messenger brought, or ignorant of what people comprehend with their hearts, or ignorant of both. Ignorance of the former leaves him unaware of the foundations and subsidiary matters of religion contained in the Messenger’s teachings. Ignorance of the latter leads him to include among rational truths what he and others like him call rational notions, though they are merely products of ignorance. Ignorance of both leads him to regard unfounded matters and methods as foundations of religion when they are not, and to suppose that the Messenger did not explain what ought to be believed concerning them. This occurs among various groups of people—even their accomplished scholars, let alone their ordinary members.
[The foundations of religion: matters and their proofs—matters]
The foundations of religion consist either of matters that must be believed and must be expressed in words or put into practice—such as matters concerning Allah’s oneness and attributes, divine decree, prophethood, and the Hereafter—or of the proofs for these matters.
As for the first category, everything that people need to know, believe, and affirm concerning these matters has been explained by Allah and His Messenger fully and conclusively, leaving no excuse. These are among the most important things that the Messenger conveyed clearly and explained to people. They are also among the most important matters concerning which Allah established proof against His servants through the messengers who explained and conveyed them.
Allah’s Book, whose wording and meanings the Companions and then the Successors transmitted from the Messenger, and the wisdom—that is, the Sunnah of Allah’s Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace—which they likewise transmitted from him, contain all that could be sought concerning these matters and the entirety of