he has refuted his opponent’s position, for both are in error and share in it. As the poet said of them:

“Arguments that shatter like glass—you take them for truth,
Yet every breaker is himself broken.”

This is so because neither party bases the position it champions on a sound foundation. Their positions are merely constructs that counterbalance and oppose one another. Thus, discourse proliferates, disagreement persists, and sound conclusions are few.

Allah Most High said:

“Had it been from anyone other than Allah, they would have found in it much contradiction.”

He thus declared that whatever contains much contradiction is not from Him.

This is among the clearest proofs that the doctrines of speculative theologians are unsound, given the many disagreements within them that lead them to declare others unbelievers and astray. Such is the character of the falsehood Allah has described.