Darʾ Taʿâroud al-ʿAql wa-n-NaqlIbn Taimiya

[Ibn Taymiyyah’s commentary]

I say:

By “fundamental principles,” he does not mean their overt departures from the Sunnah, for al-Ash'arī opposed them in these matters, such as the vision of Allah, the Quran, and the divine attributes.

Rather, he means the rational principles of their speculative theology upon which they based their subsidiary doctrines that conflict with the Sunnah. One example is this principle upon which they based the temporal origination of the world and the demonstration of the Creator’s existence. This is their most fundamental principle. We have already presented the statements of Abū al-Husayn al-Basīrī and others on this subject, explaining that the principle upon which the Mu'tazilah built their discourse on the foundations of religion is this very principle mentioned by al-Ash'arī. Yet he disagreed with them over many of its implications and subsidiary doctrines.

Then many followers of the later scholars, such as the followers of the author of al-Irshād (Guidance), accepted the full implications of the principles he had conceded to the Mu'tazilah. They thus agreed with the Mu'tazilah on what those principles entailed, while opposing their own master, Abū al-Hasan, and the leading scholars among his followers. They denied the divine attributes known through revelation and Allah’s exaltedness, and interpreted the vision of Allah as an increase in knowledge—a meaning the Mu'tazilah did not dispute with them. They said:

“There is no disagreement in meaning between us and the Mu'tazilah. Their disagreement is only with the corporealists.”

Likewise, concerning the Quran, they said:

“The Quran which the Mu'tazilah say is created—we agree with them that it is created. However, we assert the existence of another meaning, which is one and eternal.”

The Mu'tazilah deny that this is even conceivable. Thus the Mu'tazilah and the philosophers, along with the majority of rational thinkers, came to denounce them for contradicting the clear dictates of reason and obstinately denying self-evident truths.

[تعليق ابن تيمية] قلت: ليس مراده بالأصول ما أظهروه من مخالفة السنة، فإن الأشعري مخالف لهم فيما أظهروه من مخالفة السنة، كمسألة الرؤية والقرآن والصفات. ولكن أصولهم الكلامية العقلية التي بنوا عليها الفروع المخالفة للسنة، مثل هذا الأصل الذي بنوا عليه حدوث العالم وإثبات الصانع، فإن هذا أصل أصولهم، كما قد بينا كلام أبي الحسين البصيري وغيره في ذلك، وأن الأصل الذي بنت عليه المعتزلة كلامهم في أصول الدين، هو هذا الأصل الذي ذكره الأشعري، لكنه مخالف لهم في كثير من لوازم ذلك وفروعه، وجاء كثير من أتباع المتأخرين، كأتباع صاحب الإرشاد فأعطوا الأصول - التي سلمها للمعتزلة - حقها من اللوازم، فوافقوا المعتزلة على موجبها، وخالفوا شيخهم أبا الحسن وأئمة أصحابه، فنفوا الصفات الخبرية، ونفوا العلو، وفسروا الرؤية بمزيد علم لا ينازعهم فيه المعتزلة، وقالوا: ليس بيننا وبين المعتزلة خلاف في المعنى، وإنما خلافهم مع المجسمة، وكذلك قالوا في القرآن: إن القرآن، الذي قالت به المعتزلة: إنه مخلوق، نحن نوافقهم على خلقه، ولكن ندعي ثبوت معنى آخر وأنه واحد قديم. والمعتزلة تنكر تصور هذا بالكلية، وصارت المعتزلة والفلاسفة - مع جمهور العقلاء، يشنعون عليهم بمخالفتهم لصريح العقل، ومكابرتهم للضروريات.

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