And Allah Most High has said:

“You have no authority for this.” [Yūnus: 68]

That is, no argument or proof.

And Allah Most High has said:

“Say, ‘With Allah is the conclusive argument.’” [al-Anʿām: 149]

And Allah Most High has said:

“Have you not considered the one who argued with Abraham about his Lord?”

Through to His words:

“So the disbeliever was confounded.” [al-Baqarah: 158]

He recounts Abraham’s disputation and his silencing of his opponent in praise of him.

And Allah Most High has said:

“That was Our argument which We gave Abraham against his people.” [al-Anʿām: 83]

He then presented a lengthy discussion, which we have cited and whose acceptable and unacceptable aspects we have discussed extensively elsewhere, until he said:

“This is what may be said on behalf of both parties.”

He then offered a qualified view which he favoured. Its substance is that it entails harm through the effects of doubts, unsettling beliefs and depriving them of certainty and firmness. It also causes harm by reinforcing the beliefs of those who introduce religious innovations and entrenching them in their hearts, thereby arousing