the masters of spiritual knowledge and Sufism. Abū Bakr al-Kalābādhī also mentioned in his book An Introduction to the Doctrines of Sufism that al-Hārith al-Muhāsibī used to say:

“Allah speaks with a voice.”

This contradicts Ibn Kullāb’s position.

Abū Hāmid does not possess the expertise in prophetic reports and reports from the early generations that those versed in these matters possess, who distinguish sound reports from unsound ones. Thus, he includes in his books fabricated and spurious hadiths and reports that he would not have included had he known they were fabricated.

Ahmad—may Allah be pleased with him—refuted the Jahmiyyah and others using both scriptural and rational proofs. He cited statements and arguments of theirs that no one else had cited. Indeed, he gave the fullest account of their doctrine and arguments, then refuted them through revelation and reason.

Abū Hāmid also related in his book something he said he had heard from some Hanbalīs, namely,