, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. Among the extremists are those who say that al-Hasan and al-Husayn were not sons of Alī, but were fathered by Salmān al-Fārisī. Many of the Rāfidah do not know that Alī married his daughter to Umar, or that he had a son named Umar. As for invoking dissimulation and coercion, this is the hallmark of their school.

Some of the Muʿtazilah have denied the Battles of the Camel and Siffīn. Many people know nothing of the Battle of al-Harrah, the rebellion of Ibn al-Ashʿath, the rebellion of Yazīd ibn al-Muhallab, or similar well-known events established through mass transmission.

Indeed, many people—even those regarded as learned—do not know the Messenger of Allah’s well-known military expeditions, established through mass transmission, their chronological order, or which involved fighting and which did not. They do not know which came first: Badr or Uhud, the Trench or Khaybar, the conquest of Mecca or the siege of Tāʾif. Nor do they know whether any fighting took place at Tabūk.

They do not know how many children the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, had, whether sons or daughters; how many Ramadans he fasted; how many times he performed Hajj and umrah; how long he prayed facing Jerusalem after his emigration; or in which year fasting Ramadan became obligatory. They do not know whether he commanded fasting on the day of Āshūrā in only one year or in more than one; whether he consistently shortened his prayers when travelling; or whether he combined two prayers and, if so, whether he did this frequently or only occasionally.

And there are many similar matters, all of which are known through mass transmission to those with knowledge