Darʾ Taʿâroud al-ʿAql wa-n-NaqlIbn Taimiya

But if the discussion is with someone who may abide by revealed law, he should be told: using these terms without qualification, whether to affirm or deny, is an innovation. Either use obscures the matter and creates misleading impressions. One must therefore ask for clarification and detail, or refrain from using them unqualifiedly in either affirmation or denial.

Some people have supposed that the early generations and the imams condemned speculative theology and its practitioners merely because of its newly introduced terminology. They understood in this way such statements as that of Abū Yūsuf:

“Whoever seeks knowledge through speculative theology falls into heresy.”

And that of al-Shāfiʿī:

“My judgment concerning the practitioners of speculative theology is that they should be beaten with palm branches and sandals, paraded among the tribes and clans, and subjected to the proclamation: ‘This is the recompense of those who abandon the Book and the Sunnah and turn to speculative theology.’”

And his statement:

“I have discovered among the practitioners of speculative theology something I had never imagined. For a servant to be afflicted with every sin other than associating partners with Allah is better for him … looked into speculative theology without harbouring rancour in his heart towards the people of Islam.”

Some people have supposed that these and similar well-known statements of the imams condemned speculative theology solely because it contains newly coined technical terms, such as ‘substance’, sajm, and ‘accident’. They argued that this does not warrant condemnation, any more than people devising utensils they need, or weapons they need to fight the enemy. The author of the Ihyāʾ and others have mentioned this argument.

That is not the case. Rather, their condemnation of speculative theology for its unsound meaning was greater than their condemnation of its newly introduced terminology. They condemned it because it contains false meanings contrary to the Book and the Sunnah, and because it contradicts reason

وأما إذا كان الكلام مع من قد يتقيد بالشريعة، فإنه يقال له: إطلاق هذه الألفاظ نفياً وإثباتاً بدعة، وفي كل منهما تلبيس وإيهام، فلا بد من الاستفسار والاستفصال، أو الامتناع عن إطلاق كلا الأمرين في النفي والإثبات. وقد ظن طائفة من الناس ان ذم السلف والأئمة للكلام وأهل الكلام كقول أبي يوسف: من طلب العلم بالكلام تزندق، وقول الشافعي: حكمي في أهل الكلام: أن يضربوا بالجريد والنعال، ويطاف بهم في القبائل والعشائر، ويقال: هذا جزاء من ترك الكتاب والسنة، وأقبل علي الكلام، وقوله: لقد اطلعت من أهل الكلام علي شيء ما كنت أظنه، ولأن يبتلي العبد بكل ذنب ما خلا الإشراك بالله، خير له نظر في الكلام إلا كان في قلبه غل علي أهل الإسلام، وأمثال هذه الأقوال المعروفة عن الأئمة ـ ظن بعض الناس أنهم إنما ذموا الكلام لمجرد ما فيه من الاصطلاحات المحدثة، كلفظ الجوهر والسجم والعرض، وقالوا: إن مثل هذا لا يقتضي الذم، كما لو أحدث الناس آنية يحتاجون إليها، أو سلاحاً يحتاجون إليه لمقاتلة العدو، وقد ذكر هذا صاحبالإحياء وغيره. وليس الأمر كذلك، بل ذمهم للكلام لفساد معناه أعظم من ذمهم لحدوث ألفاظه، فذموه لاشتماله علي معان باطلة مخالفة للكتاب والسنة ومخالفته للعقل

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