and “one.” In their terminology, by “oneness” and “one” they mean that which has no attributes, of which one thing cannot be known apart from another, and which cannot be seen. The oneness proclaimed by the Messenger entails none of these negations. Rather, it affirms that Allah alone is God: one bears witness that there is no god but Him, worships none but Him, relies on none but Him, gives allegiance only for His sake, shows enmity only for His sake, and acts only for His sake. This entails affirming the names and attributes He has affirmed for Himself.

Jābir ibn Abdullah said in his authentic hadith describing the Farewell Pilgrimage:

“The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, proclaimed oneness in his pilgrimage invocation: ‘Here I am, O Allah, here I am. Here I am; You have no partner; here I am. All praise and blessing are Yours, as is sovereignty. You have no partner.’”

During the pre-Islamic period, they used to say, “Here I am; You have no partner, except a partner belonging to You: You own him and all that he owns.” The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, therefore proclaimed oneness in his invocation, as mentioned above.

Allah Most High said:

“Your God is one God. There is no deity except Him, the Most Merciful, the Especially Merciful.” [al-Baqarah: 163]

Allah Most High also said:

“Allah has said, ‘Do not take two gods. He is only one God, so fear Me alone.’” [al-Nahl: 51]

Allah Most High also said:

“Whoever invokes another god alongside Allah, for which he has no proof, his reckoning rests only with his Lord.” [al-Mu’minūn: 117]

Allah Most High also said:

“Ask those of Our messengers whom We sent before you: Have We appointed gods besides the Most Merciful to be worshipped?”