Those who maintain that the soul apprehends only universals, not particulars—most rational people say that they have contradicted self-evident knowledge.

Those who maintain that everything that exists can be perceived by all five senses, and that sound can be seen, taste heard, and colour smelled—most rational people say that they have contradicted self-evident knowledge.

Those who maintain that a will comes into being without a substrate, or that annihilation comes into being without a substrate—most rational people say that the falsity of their view is self-evident.

Those who maintain that will arises in a human being without a cause necessitating its arising—most rational people say that the falsity of their view is self-evident.

Those who maintain that He is living, knowing, and powerful, without life, knowledge, or power—most rational people say that the falsity of their view is self-evident.

Those who maintain that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, explicitly designated Alī as caliph in an unambiguous declaration that he made widely known among the Muslims, but that they concealed it and did not disclose it—most rational people say that the falsity of their view is self-evident.

Those who maintain that the Muslim community has an infallible imam, two—or three or four—years old, who entered the cellar more than four hundred years ago, or that Alī did not die,