every misguided group—however numerous its members—is united in denying some self-evident truths.

[The third response]

It may be said:

Of every school of speculative theology or philosophy, most people say that its adherents have denied self-evident truths.

Those who maintain that one of the two alternatives concerning a contingent thing may prevail without a determining factor, whether from a capable agent or otherwise—most rational people say that they have denied self-evident truths.

Those who maintain that bodies do not persist and that accidents do not persist—most people say that they have denied self-evident truths.

Those who maintain that successive sounds are beginningless, eternal in their individual instances, and enduring, and that the sounds heard from human beings are beginningless—most rational people say that they have contradicted self-evident knowledge.

Those who maintain that speech is a single meaning, constituting the command of everything commanded and the report of everything reported, and that, if expressed in Arabic, it is the Quran, and if expressed in Hebrew, it is the Torah—most rational people say that they have denied self-evident knowledge.

Those who maintain that the knower is knowledge and the object known; that the thinker is the intellect and the object of thought; that the lover is love and the beloved; that pleasure is the one experiencing pleasure; and that knowledge is power and power is will—most rational people say that they have contradicted self-evident truths.

Those who maintain that necessary existence is absolute existence, either conditioned by absoluteness or without any condition—most rational people say that they have contradicted self-evident truths.