that it is the individual motions, not motion as a genus, that are preceded by something else: each of its parts is preceded by something else, whereas the genus is precisely what is disputed—is a sound objection. Otherwise, if motion is inseparable from the body, the body cannot precede it. How, then, can it be said that motion is preceded by the body?
Al-Abharī did not understand what was meant by the statement that motion entails being preceded by something else. He thought it meant that motion was preceded by the body, whereas what was meant was that some parts of motion must precede others.
Al-Abharī said:
“As for his statement, ‘If it were in motion, it would never be free of temporally originated events, and whatever is never free of such events is itself temporally originated,’ we say: We do not concede this.
“His statement, ‘If that were not so, a temporally originated event would be beginningless’—we say: We do not concede this. That would follow only if one and the same temporally originated event became beginningless. But that is not the case. Rather, before each event there would be another, with no first event. Thus, it does not follow that a temporally originated event is beginningless.
“As for his statement, ‘If it were in motion, the daily event would depend on the completion of an infinite succession,’ we say: We do not concede this. Rather, the daily event would be preceded by events with no beginning. Why do you say that this is impossible, when this is precisely the point in dispute?
“As for his statement that the motions extending from the daily motion back into beginningless eternity form a series, we say: We do not concede this. That would follow only if the motions existed together, thereby forming a collection and an aggregate.
“He argued for the temporal origination of the world on the grounds that, if the Maker of the world were a cause whose effects follow necessarily from His essence, His effects would have to exist perpetually, and nothing temporally originated would exist. But if He were