from worshipping Allah, obeying Him, and obeying His messengers, and were the most wicked in transgressing Allah’s limits, violating His prohibitions, and opposing His Book and His Messenger. This has been discussed at length elsewhere.

[Returning to the discussion of Ibn Sīnā’s statements about estimation]

We therefore say concerning his statement:

“Estimative propositions are false.”

If he means universal propositions that contradict something apprehended by reason, these, according to them, are not propositions of estimation.

If he means what estimation apprehends of particular matters in sensible objects, these, according to him, are true, not false, and do not conflict with universal propositions.

As for his statement:

“Human estimation judges these propositions with great force, because it neither accepts their contrary nor opposes them.”

The reply is: This implies that they are firmly rooted in innate nature and established in the soul, and that innate nature does not accept their contradiction. This implies their truth and validity, not their weakness and invalidity.

As for his statement:

“Because estimation follows sense perception, estimation does not accept whatever fails to accord with what is sensible.”

The reply is: If, by estimation that follows sense perception, you mean what you have called estimation—namely, apprehending particular, non-sensible meanings in particular sensible objects—then there is no doubt that