Darʾ Taʿâroud al-ʿAql wa-n-NaqlIbn Taimiya

is rejected and denied; indeed, it is false and repugnant. Indeed, self-evident propositions and propositions based on estimation that are not opposed by other propositions may almost be said to be generally accepted; the converse, however, does not hold.”

I say:

Elsewhere, he has given an account of the perceptive faculties, mentioning the faculties by which sensible things are represented in the mind and those by which they are retained. Following their terminology, he called the former “common sense” and the latter “imagination.”

He said:

“Furthermore, animals—both rational and non-rational—perceive particular meanings in particular sensible things which are not themselves sensible, nor conveyed through the senses. Examples include a sheep’s perception of a non-sensible meaning in a wolf, and a ram’s perception of a non-sensible meaning in a ewe. This is a particular perception on the basis of which a judgment is made, just as sense judges what it observes. You therefore possess a faculty whose function is this. Moreover, you and many non-rational animals possess a faculty that retains these meanings after the judging faculty has passed judgment on them, distinct from the faculty that retains images.” This is the faculty of memory.

فهو مدفوع منكر، بل إنه باطل شنع، بل تكاد أن تكون الأوليات والوهميات التي لا تزاحم من غيرها مشهورة ولا تنعكس) . قلت: وقد ذكر في غير هذا الموضع شرح أقوى الدراكة، وذكر القوى التي تتخيل بها المحسوسات والتي تحفظ بها، وسمى الأولى على اصطلاحهم (الحس المشترك) والثانية (الخيال) . قال: وأيضاً فالحيوانات - ناطقها وغير ناطقها - تدرك في المحسوسات الجزئية معاني جزئية غير محسوسة، ولا متأدية من طريق الحواس، مثل إدراك الشاة معنى في الذئب غير محسوس، وإدراك الكبش معنى في النعجة غير محسوس: إدراكاً جزئياً يحكم به كما يحكم الحس بما يشاهده، فعندك قوة هذا شأنها، وأيضاً فعندك وعند كثير من الحيوانات العجم قوة تحفظ هذه المعاني بعد حكم الحاكم بها، غير الحافظ للصور) وهذه هي الذاكرة.

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