[Thirteenth Argument. Revealed teachings that reason is said to contradict are known by necessity to belong to the religion]
Thirteenth Argument.
Revealed teachings that reason is said to contradict are known by necessity to belong to the religion

It may be said:

The revealed teachings that reason is said to contradict—such as the affirmation of the divine attributes, resurrection, and similar matters—are teachings that the Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, is necessarily known to have brought. Whatever is necessarily known to belong to the religion of Islam cannot be false if the Messenger is truly Allah’s Messenger. Thus, anyone who challenges these teachings and claims that the Messenger did not bring them advances a claim necessarily known to be false on the basis of the Muslims’ religion.

[Knowledge of the Messenger’s intentions is direct and certain. Fourteenth Argument]
Knowledge of the Messenger’s intentions is direct and certain.
Fourteenth Argument

It may be said:

Those devoted to studying the Messenger’s teachings—who know the Quran and its explanation by the Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, the Companions, and those who followed them faithfully, and who know the reports concerning the Messenger, the Companions, and those who followed them faithfully—possess such direct knowledge of the Messenger’s purposes and intended meaning that they cannot dismiss it from their hearts. Hence, they all agree on this without collusion or mutual awareness, just as the Muslims agree in transmitting the wording of the Quran, the five daily prayers, the direction of prayer, and fasting during the month of Ramadan. Since they have transmitted his purposes and intended meaning through numerous independent channels, this is like their transmission of his precise wording through numerous independent channels.

It is well known that such mass transmission yields certain knowledge, whether it conveys the same wording or a shared meaning. Examples include the widely transmitted accounts of Khālid’s courage, Hassān’s poetry, Abū Hurayra’s narration from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, the jurisprudence of the four imams, the justice of the two Umars, and the military campaigns of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, against