the heretics, such as Ibn ʿArabī, author of al-Fusūs (The Bezels), who claimed that the Seal of the Saints is superior to the Seal of the Prophets, and that all the prophets derive their knowledge of Allah only from the niche of the Seal of the Saints.

According to them, this knowledge consists in existence being one, with no distinction between the existence of the Creator and that of the creation. He also claimed that the Seal of the Saints draws from the same source as the angel who conveys revelation to the Messenger. Although Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Tirmidhī and others had spoken of the Seal of the Saints, making false statements about it that knowledge and faith rejected, they did not take it to this extent.

But Ibn al-ʿArabī and other heretics like him based this on the principles of the Sabian philosophers. They took the philosophers’ statements and presented them in the guise of unveiling and witnessing.

According to these people, the angel is an imagined form appearing within the prophet’s soul. They say that a prophet has three characteristics: the first is that he possesses a faculty