based on reason; that revealed text must therefore be reinterpreted. Anything whose validity rests on something uncertain is itself uncertain. Thus, it is established that a revealed proof of this kind does not yield certainty.”

He said:

“This is unlike rational proofs, which consist of premises whose soundness cannot merely be presumed because their unsoundness is unknown. Rather, their truth must be known self-evidently, and it must be known self-evidently that they follow from what is self-evidently known to be true. When this is the case, nothing can contradict such a proof, because contradiction between self-evident truths is impossible.”

He said:

“If it is objected: ‘When Allah causes an accountable person to hear speech whose apparent meaning suggests something, then, if there is a rational proof showing that thing to be false, it would be incumbent upon Him, exalted is He, to bring that proof to the accountable person’s mind. Otherwise, that would be