and acts of worship and moral conduct, or forbidden in the way of polytheism, injustice, indecencies, and other things—may be contradicted in its meaning, import, or implications by conclusive rational proofs that must be followed and given precedence over it in the event of conflict, then he cannot know the truth of anything the Messenger has reported unless he knows that no such counterargument exists. Yet he cannot know that no such counterargument exists unless he knows, through some other rational proof, that what the Messenger has reported is true. Otherwise, if he does not know its truth through rational proof, and has no evidence for it except the reports of Allah and His Messenger—which, in his view, may be opposed by a rational argument that takes precedence over them—then he has no way of knowing that no rational counterarguments exist unless his knowledge encompasses everything that might occur to any human being and be thought to constitute a rational proof.
This has no fixed limits or bounds. Thoughts continually occur to human beings, and they form opinions and beliefs that they imagine to be rational proofs. These arise within them just as obsessive misgivings and inner thoughts do. If he allows that among these there may be a conclusive rational argument that contradicts the revealed texts and deserves precedence over them, he can never be certain that no such counterargument exists. Thus, he can never be certain of anything the Messenger has reported merely because he reported it. He will never believe anything the Messenger has reported on the grounds that the Messenger reported it, nor will he gain any knowledge or guidance from the reports of Allah and His Messenger. Indeed, he will never believe anything of the unseen that the Messenger has reported unless he knows its truth through his own reason.
In reality, this negates faith in the Messenger’s mission and amounts to not believing him.
Then, if no counterargument warranting precedence is established for him, he remains neither affirming nor denying what the Messenger has brought.