its being shared. It is therefore universal in conception and in the mind; but when it exists, it exists only as a determinate individual whose conception precludes its being shared.
Thus, when someone says, “The universal exists in individual entities,” and means by this what is meant by mental forms existing in external reality, this is like someone saying, “What I had in mind has come about, praise be to Allah,” or, “Zayd has done what I had in mind,” and similar expressions. For what comes first in thought comes last in action.
Human beings conceive things in their minds and then do what they have conceived. This does not mean that the very mental form they conceived and intended has itself come into existence in external reality. Rather, something corresponding to it and agreeing with it has come into existence there.
One may say, “This is that,” just as what is written is said to be what is spoken, what is spoken to be what is known, and what is known to be what exists. Things have existence in individual entities, in minds, in speech, and in representation: concrete, mental, verbal, and written existence. Thus, when Zayd’s name is written and someone says, “This is Zayd,” this does not mean that the writing is the sound, that the sound is the knowledge, or that the knowledge is the particular individual. Rather, people know that when someone says, “This is Zayd,” the meaning is: “The name written here is Zayd.” There are many similar examples.
If it is said that the universal exists in external reality in this sense, that is correct. For the mind conceives the universal as unqualified, without any condition being imposed, and something corresponding to it exists in external reality, meaning that the unqualified concept, in which no condition is stipulated, applies to it; and something corresponding to it exists in external reality, meaning that the unqualified concept, in which no condition is stipulated, applies to it, when one says, “This is an animal,” or, “This is a human being.” Yet the applicability to it of the unqualified concept, taken without any condition, does not entail that the unqualified has come into existence as unqualified and without any condition, for its applicability to it