says that reason affirms, requires, or allows what another says reason denies, deems impossible, or forbids. Indeed, their disagreements have extended even to what they call self-evident knowledge: one says, “We know as a self-evident truth of reason” what another says is not self-evident to reason.

For example, most rational thinkers say, “We know as a self-evident truth of reason that it is impossible to see a visible object without directly beholding it and facing it,” while a group of rational thinkers say that this is possible.

Most rational thinkers say, “We know that it is impossible for something to come into being without a cause that itself comes into being,” while a group of rational thinkers say that this is possible.

Most rational thinkers say that it is self-evidently impossible to reason for a subject to be knowing without knowledge, powerful without power, or living without life. Others dispute this.

Most rational thinkers say that it is self-evidently impossible to reason for one and the same thing to be a command, a prohibition, and a declarative statement. Others dispute this.

Most rational thinkers say that it is self-evidently impossible to reason for the intellect, the one who understands, and the object of understanding; love and its object; existence and the existent; and necessity and providence to be one and the same thing. Others dispute this.

The majority of rational thinkers say that existence is divided into necessary and contingent, and eternal and originated; that the term “existence” encompasses and applies to both; and that this is self-evident to reason. Some people dispute this.