Allah Most High said:

“Those who believe and do not taint their faith with wrongdoing—it is they who will have security, and they are rightly guided.”
Al-Anʿām 82.

Whoever opposes the messengers does not escape association of partners with Allah and falsehood:

“Glory be to your Lord, the Lord of Might, above what they attribute to Him! * Peace be upon the messengers! * And praise be to Allah, Lord of all worlds!”
Al-Sāffāt 180–182.

“Those who took the calf for worship will incur anger from their Lord and humiliation in this worldly life. Thus do We recompense those who fabricate lies.”
Al-Aʿrāf 152.

Abū Qilāba said: This applies to everyone in this community who fabricates lies, until the Day of Resurrection.

In their terror of imposing expressions whose true meaning they do not understand, how closely these people resemble someone who sees an enemy bereft of support, yet is terrified at the sight of their attire before ascertaining their actual condition ن! Whoever uncovers their condition finds them utterly weak and incapable.

Yet Allah Most High said:

“We shall cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve because they have associated with Allah that for which He has sent down no authority.”
Āl ʿImrān 151.

A full discussion of this would be lengthy; the purpose here is merely to draw attention to it. This, then, is what he said concerning substance. As for the body, he relied on these four arguments to deny it, and their nature has already been made clear.

[Al-Āmidī’s discussion of the body]

He said: There are four arguments specific to it:

The first argument:
That, if it is established that