any temporal event whatsoever from the essence—if it is the essence itself, the event must endure perpetually; and if it is the essence itself, the event must endure perpetually. If it is external to the essence and is an effect of it, circular dependence follows, because that temporal event depends on the external effect. That external effect must itself have come into being; otherwise, if it were eternal, the complete cause of that temporal event would be eternal—namely, the essence and its eternal effect. If the external effect has come into being, it can only do so through a temporally originated cause within the essence; otherwise, a temporal event would arise without a cause. Thus, what arises within the essence from the essence would depend on the external temporal event, while what arises externally would depend on the temporal event within it. Circular dependence would therefore follow. If, however, the external cause is not something necessitated by the essence, it must be necessarily existent in itself. The temporal events subsisting in the Lord would then depend on that which is necessarily existent in itself. He then said: “Thus it would have a greater claim to divinity.” This, then, is the principal argument of these eternalists for denying that He brings temporal events into being, whether they subsist in Him or in something other than Him.
This is why al-Āmidī demonstrated its weakness among the theologians disputing with the Karrāmiyya. For if he said: “The Karrāmiyya say concerning temporal events within His essence what you yourselves say concerning temporal events separate from Him. Just as, according to you, those temporal events come into being through His being capable, or through His eternal power or will, so we say the same concerning what subsists in His essence.”
There is no doubt that the answer he mentioned puts an end to the objections raised against them by their fellow theologians among the Muʿtazila and the Ashʿarīs. It does not, however, put an end to the objections raised against them by