although self-evident to those with sound natural dispositions, requires rational reflection for many people. A person may have no need for such reflection in one circumstance yet need it in another. Likewise, definitions may sometimes be needed and at other times dispensed with, as is the case with verbal definitions and translation. There are other comparable instances.

Similarly, whether knowledge is self-evident or inferential, and whether a belief is certain or conjectural, are relative matters. Something may be certain to one person in one circumstance, yet entirely unknown to another person or in another circumstance, let alone regarded as probable. Something may also be self-evident to one person in one circumstance, but require inference for another person or in another circumstance.

What the Messenger has conveyed, however, is true in itself; it does not vary with people’s beliefs and circumstances. It is truth that admits no contrary, and therefore everything that contradicts it is absolutely false.

This makes clear that those who base their positions on premises that are self-evident or inferential, certain or conjectural, have based them on things susceptible to change and transformation. For hearts are in Allah’s hand, and He turns them however He wills. What the Messenger brought, however, is truth that admits no contrary under any circumstances. He—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—conveys the truth, as the people of Paradise said upon entering it:

“Praise be to Allah, who has guided us to this. We would never have been guided had Allah not guided us. The messengers of our Lord certainly came with the truth.”
Al-A‘rāf 43

Allah, exalted is He, also said:

“Indeed, We have sent you with the truth as a bearer of good tidings and a warner.”
Al-Baqarah 119

“And as one who calls to Allah by His permission, and as an illuminating lamp.”
Al-Ahzāb 46

Allah, exalted is He, said:

“Or do they not recognize their Messenger, and so deny him? *