Then the speculative theologians among the Jahmiyya, the Muʿtazila, and their followers—who say, “The Maker’s existence and the truthfulness of His messengers can only be established by this method”—also say:
“It is impossible to know that the world came into existence, to establish the Maker’s existence, to know that He is powerful, living, and knowing, or that He may send messengers and attest to the Prophets’ truthfulness through miracles, except by this method—as their leading scholars and accomplished thinkers state, including their later scholars such as Abū al-Husayn al-Basrī, Abū al-Maʿālī al-Juwaynī, al-Qādī Abū Yaʿlā, and others. If, alongside this, we know that the Prophets did not call people by this method, then what we have said necessarily follows: the Messenger referred people to reason for knowledge of Allah. Once they know this, they must either approach the Prophets’ texts through reinterpretation, in which case the purpose of revealing ambiguous passages is to charge them with working out ways to reinterpret them; or they must consign their meanings to Allah, in which case the purpose is to reveal words whose recitation serves as an act of worship, even though no one understands their meanings.”
The heretics among the philosophers, the Bātiniyya, and others like them say:
“The purpose is to address the masses in terms that lead them to imagine that the Lord is an immense body and that the Hereafter contains bodily pleasures, although none of this has any reality.”
Then either it is said that the Prophets did not know this, or it is said:
“They knew it but did not explain it; rather, they presented the opposite of the truth for the sake of some benefit.”
The reply is:
As for those who take the first approach, they may be answered on several grounds:
[Responses to the First Approach on Several Grounds. The First]
Responses to the First Approach on Several Grounds.
The First
One of them is to say:
“If the scriptural evidence received from the Prophets establishes the validity of this method and its conclusion, as well as the negation of the attributes you negate, then the scriptural evidence affirming those attributes conflicts with that evidence. Thus, one body of scriptural evidence is opposed by another, even if one of them agrees with what you cite as rational evidence.”