Al-Furqān bayna Awliyāʾ al-Raḥmān wa-Awliyāʾ al-ShayṭānIbn Taimiya

and He has power over all things. He is the First and the Last, the Manifest and the Hidden, and He is fully aware of everything.⦗Q 57:2–3⦘

In Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim it is reported that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, used to say in his supplication:
“O Allah, Lord of the seven heavens and Lord of the Mighty Throne, our Lord and the Lord of all things, Splitter of the grain and the kernel, Revealer of the Torah, the Gospel and the Quran: I seek refuge in You from the evil of every creature whose forelock You hold. You are the First—nothing precedes You; You are the Last—nothing comes after You; You are the Manifest—nothing is above You; and You are the Hidden—nothing is beyond You. Settle my debt for me and free me from poverty.”

Then the Exalted One says:
“It is He who created the heavens and the earth in six days, then established Himself above the Throne. He knows what penetrates the earth and what comes forth from it, what descends from the sky and what ascends therein. He is with you wherever you are, and Allah sees all that you do.”⦗Q 57:4⦘

Thus He mentions that the heavens and the earth—and elsewhere He says, “and whatever lies between them”⦗Q 21:16, etc.⦘—are created beings that glorify Him, and He affirms that He knows every single thing.

[Allah’s “with-ness” (maʿiyyah) pertains to His knowledge, not His essence; it is both general and specific.]

As for His words, “and He is with you,” the preposition maʿ (“with”) in Arabic does not in itself require that the two entities be physically intermixed, as in His saying

وهو على كل شيء قدير * هو الأول والآخر والظاهر والباطن وهو بكل شيء عليم} . وفي صحيح مسلم «عن النبي صلىالله عليه وسلم أنه كان يقول في دعائه: اللهم رب السماوات السبع ورب العرش العظيم، ربنا ورب كل شيء، فالق الحب والنوى، منزل التوراة والانجيل والقرآن، أعوذ بك من شر كل دابة أنت آخذ بناصيتها أنت الأول فليس قبلك شيء، وأنت الآخر فليس بعدك شيء، وأنت الظاهر فليس فوقك شيء. وأنت الباطن فليس دونك شيء. اقض عني الدين، وأغنني من الفقر» . ثم قال تعالى: {هو الذي خلق السماوات والأرض في ستة أيام ثم استوى على العرش يعلم ما يلج في الأرض وما يخرج منها وما ينزل من السماء وما يعرج فيها وهو معكم أين ما كنتم والله بما تعملون بصير} فذكر أن السماوات والأرض، وفي موضع آخر: {وما بينهما} مخلوق مسبح له، وأخبر سبحانه أنه يعلم كل شيء. ‍ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‍ [معية الله بعلمه لا بذاته وهي عامة وخاصة] وأما قوله: {وهو معكم} فلفظ {مع} لا تقتضي في لغة العرب أن يكون أحد الشيئين مختلطا بالآخر، كقوله

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