of the criminals; for ambiguity only takes hold when knowledge of the two paths—or of one of them—grows weak. As ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb said, “The bonds of Islam will be undone, knot by knot, when people are raised within Islam who have never known the Age of Ignorance.” This displays the perfection of ʿUmar’s insight, for whoever is ignorant of that Age and its judgments—namely, everything that clashes with what the Messenger ﷺ brought—is ignorant of the very notion of ignorance itself; whatever opposes the Messenger is, by definition, ignorance. Thus, anyone who does not know the road of the criminals and cannot see it clearly is liable to imagine that certain stretches of their road belong to the believers’ road. Precisely this has happened in our community regarding many points of creed, knowledge, and practice: things that in reality belong to the road of the criminals, the unbelievers, and the enemies of the messengers were introduced into the believers’ road by those who failed to recognize their true source. They then called others to those innovations, declared unbelievers anyone who opposed them, and deemed lawful against such opponents what Allah and His Messenger had forbidden. This is exactly what befell most of the innovators among the Jahmiyyah, Qadariyyah, Khārijites, Rāfiḍites, and their likes—each invented an innovation, propagated it, and pronounced unbelief upon whoever rejected it.
People, in this regard, fall into four categories:
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Those to whom both the believers’ road and the criminals’ road have become manifest in detail, in both knowledge and practice. These are the most knowledgeable of mankind.
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Those who are blind to both roads—like cattle in human form. Such people are, by disposition, closer and more inclined to the criminals’ road.
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Those who concern themselves with learning the believers’ road while neglecting its opposite. They recognize the opposite only in general terms, knowing merely that whatever opposes the believers’ road is false. Lacking a detailed conception of it, whenever they hear something that conflicts with the believers’ road they simply turn away from it and do not burden themselves with understanding it or discerning why it is false.