Zād al-MaʿādIbn al-Qayyim

‘Āshūrā’, and distinguish yourselves from the Jews: fast a day before it and a day after it.” Reported by Ahmad (1). He also narrated (2): “The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) instructed us to fast ‘Āshūrā’ on the tenth day.” Reported by al-Tirmidhī (3).

The answer to these difficulties, with Allah’s help, guidance, and support, is as follows:

As for the first difficulty—that when he arrived in Medina, he found them fasting ‘Āshūrā’—the report does not say that he found them fasting it on the very day of his arrival. He arrived on Monday, the twelfth of Rabī‘ al-Awwal. Rather, he first learned of this practice, and the events of that day took place, after his arrival in Medina, not while he was in Mecca. This assumes that the People of the Scripture calculated the date of their fast by lunar months. If, however, they calculated it by solar months, as is their known religious practice (4), the difficulty disappears entirely. The day on which Allah saved Moses would then be the day of ‘Āshūrā’, early in Muharram, but the People of the Scripture would have fixed its date according to solar months. It would thus have coincided with the Prophet’s (peace and blessings be upon him) arrival in Medina in Rabī‘ al-Awwal (5), and the fasting of the People of the Scripture

(1) Hadith no. (2154). Also narrated by Ibn Khuzayma (2095), al-Tahāwī in Sharh Ma‘ānī al-Āthār (2/78), and al-Bayhaqī (4/287). Its chain includes Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahmān ibn Abī Laylā, who has been criticized as a transmitter. An authentic mawqūf report (attributed to Ibn ‘Abbās himself, rather than to the Prophet) concerning fasting on the ninth and tenth is recorded by ‘Abd al-Razzāq (7839), al-Shāfi‘ī—as cited in Ma‘rifat al-Sunan (6/350, 351)—al-Tahāwī in Sharh Ma‘ānī al-Āthār (2/78), and al-Bayhaqī (4/287). (2) k: “qāla (he said).” (3) Hadith no. (755). Its chain is weak because of al-Hasan’s ‘an‘ana—his transmission from Ibn ‘Abbās (may Allah be pleased with them both) using ‘an (“from”). (4) “kamā huwa dīnuhum al-ma‘rūf (as is their known religious practice)” is absent from q and mb. (5) “al-awwal (the first)” is absent from q and s.
عاشوراء، وخالِفوا اليهودَ، صوموا يومًا قبله ويومًا بعده». ذكره أحمد (١). وهو الذي روى (٢): «أمرنا رسول الله ﷺ بصوم عاشوراء يوم العاشر». ذكره الترمذي (٣). والجواب عن هذه الإشكالات بعون الله وتوفيقه وتأييده: أمَّا الإشكال الأوَّل، وهو أنَّه لمَّا قدم المدينة وجدهم يصومون عاشوراء، فليس فيه أنَّ يوم قدومه وجدهم يصومونه، فإنَّه إنَّما قدم يوم الاثنين في ربيعٍ الأوَّل ثاني عشره، ولكنَّ أوَّل علمه بذلك ووقوع القصَّة في اليوم كان بعد قدومه المدينة، لم يكن وهو بمكَّة، هذا إن كان حساب أهل الكتاب في صومه بالأشهر الهلاليَّة، وإن كان بالشَّمسيَّة كما هو دينهم المعروف (٤) زال الإشكال بالكلِّيَّة، ويكون اليوم الذي نجَّى الله فيه موسى هو يوم عاشوراء من أوَّل المحرَّم، فضبطه أهل الكتاب بالشُّهور الشَّمسيَّة، فوافق ذلك مقدمَ النَّبيِّ ﷺ المدينةَ في ربيعٍ الأوَّل (٥)، وصوم أهل الكتاب
(١) برقم (٢١٥٤)، ورواه أيضًا ابن خزيمة (٢٠٩٥) والطحاوي في «شرح معاني الآثار» (٢/ ٧٨) والبيهقي (٤/ ٢٨٧)، وفي إسناده محمد بن عبد الرحمن بن أبي ليلى، متكلم فيه. وصح عن ابن عباس موقوفًا صيام التاسع والعاشر عند عبد الرزاق (٧٨٣٩) والشافعي كما في «معرفة السنن» (٦/ ٣٥٠، ٣٥١) والطحاوي في «شرح معاني الآثار» (٢/ ٧٨) والبيهقي (٤/ ٢٨٧). (٢) ك: «قال». (٣) برقم (٧٥٥)، وإسناده ضعيف لأجل عنعنة الحسن عن ابن عباس ﵄ . (٤) «كما هو دينهم المعروف» ليست في ق، مب. (٥) «الأول» ليست في ق، ص.

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