Zād al-MaʿādIbn al-Qayyim

for them and a shield.

The Messenger of Allah’s practice, peace and blessings be upon him, in fasting was the most perfect practice (1), the most effective (2) in achieving its intended purpose, and the easiest on people.

Since weaning souls off their accustomed habits and desires is among the hardest and most difficult things for them, the obligation to fast was delayed (3) until the middle period of Islam, after the Hijrah, when souls had become firmly grounded in monotheism and prayer and accustomed to the commands of the Quran. They were thus led gradually to fasting.

Fasting became obligatory in the second year after the Hijrah, and by the time the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, died, he had fasted nine Ramadans (4). Initially, people were given a choice between fasting and feeding a needy person each (5) day. This choice was then replaced (6) by the binding obligation to fast (7). Feeding a needy person remained an option for an elderly man or woman if they were unable to fast: they could refrain from fasting and feed a needy person for each day (8). The sick and travellers were permitted to refrain from fasting and make up the missed days, as were pregnant women

(1) ʿ: “al-hady” (“the practice”). (2) The printed edition reads “aʿzam tahsīl” (“greater attainment”), contrary to the manuscripts. (3) K: “fa-ukhkhira” (“so it was delayed”). Q, M, Mb: “taʾakhkhara” (“it was delayed”). (4) By consensus, as reported by Ibn Muflih in al-Furūʿ (4/405) and al-Mardāwī in al-Insāf (3/269). (5) The printed edition reads “ʿan kull” (“for every”). (6) The printed edition reads “min” (“from”). (7) Reported by al-Bukhārī with a suspended chain (muʿallaq; 4/188, Fath al-Bārī). Al-Bayhaqī transmitted it with a connected chain (4/200), through Ibn Abī Laylā from the Companions of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. Its chain is authentic. See Sahīh Abī Dāwūd—al-Umm (2/431). (8) This is supported by al-Bukhārī’s report (4505) from ʿAtāʾ, who heard Ibn ʿAbbās recite: “Those who are burdened with it and cannot bear it must offer compensation by feeding a needy person.” Ibn ʿAbbās said: “It has not been abrogated. It concerns the elderly man and elderly woman who cannot fast; they feed a needy person in place of each day’s fasting.”
لهم وجُنَّةً. وكان هدي رسول الله ﷺ فيه أكملَ هديٍ (١)، وأعظمَه تحصيلًا (٢) للمقصود، وأسهلَه على النُّفوس. ولمَّا كان فَطْم النُّفوس عن مألوفاتها وشهواتها من أشقِّ الأمور وأصعبها عليها، أُخِّر (٣) فرضه إلى وسط الإسلام بعد الهجرة، لمَّا توطَّنت النُّفوس على التَّوحيد والصَّلاة، وأَلِفتْ أوامرَ القرآن، فنُقِلتْ إليه بالتَّدريج. وكان فرضه في السَّنة الثَّانية من الهجرة، فتوفِّي رسول الله ﷺ وقد صام تسع رمضاناتٍ (٤)، وفُرِض أوَّلًا على وجه التَّخيير بينه وبينَ أن يطعمَ كلَّ (٥) يومٍ مسكينًا، ثمَّ نُقل عن (٦) ذلك التَّخيير إلى تحتُّم الصَّوم (٧)، وجُعل الإطعام للشَّيخ الكبير والمرأة إذا لم يطيقا الصِّيام، فإنَّهما يفطران ويطعمان عن كلِّ يومٍ مسكينًا (٨)، ورُخِّص للمريض والمسافر أن يفطرا ويقضيا، وللحامل
(١) ع: «الهدي». (٢) في المطبوع: «أعظم تحصيل» خلاف النسخ. (٣) ك: «فأخر». ق، م، مب: «تأخر». (٤) إجماعًا، حكاه ابن مفلح في «الفروع» (٤/ ٤٠٥) والمرداوي في «الإنصاف» (٣/ ٢٦٩). (٥) في المطبوع: «عن كل». (٦) في المطبوع: «من». (٧) رواه البخاري معلقًا (٤/ ١٨٨ - فتح الباري)، ووصله البيهقي (٤/ ٢٠٠) عن ابن أبي ليلى عن أصحاب رسول الله ﷺ، وسنده صحيح. وانظر: «صحيح أبي داود - الأم» (٢/ ٤٣١). (٨) يدلُّ عليه ما رواه البخاري (٤٥٠٥) عن عطاء سمع ابن عباس يقرأ ﴿وعلى الذين يطوقونه فلا يطيقونه فدية طعام مسكين﴾، قال ابن عباس: «ليست بمنسوخة، هو الشيخ الكبير والمرأة الكبيرة لا يستطيعان أن يصوما، فيطعمان مكان كل يوم مسكينًا».

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