for them and a shield.
The Messenger of Allah’s practice, peace and blessings be upon him, in fasting was the most perfect practice (1), the most effective (2) in achieving its intended purpose, and the easiest on people.
Since weaning souls off their accustomed habits and desires is among the hardest and most difficult things for them, the obligation to fast was delayed (3) until the middle period of Islam, after the Hijrah, when souls had become firmly grounded in monotheism and prayer and accustomed to the commands of the Quran. They were thus led gradually to fasting.
Fasting became obligatory in the second year after the Hijrah, and by the time the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, died, he had fasted nine Ramadans (4). Initially, people were given a choice between fasting and feeding a needy person each (5) day. This choice was then replaced (6) by the binding obligation to fast (7). Feeding a needy person remained an option for an elderly man or woman if they were unable to fast: they could refrain from fasting and feed a needy person for each day (8). The sick and travellers were permitted to refrain from fasting and make up the missed days, as were pregnant women