and ripeness. This is the fairest arrangement possible: requiring it every month or every week would (1) harm wealth owners, while requiring it only once in a lifetime would harm the poor. Nothing could therefore be fairer than requiring it once each year.

He then varied the amounts due according to the effort wealth owners expend in acquiring their wealth, and the ease or difficulty involved. He prescribed one-fifth on wealth that a person comes upon already gathered and amassed, namely rikāz (2). He did not require a year to elapse before it became due; rather, He required one-fifth to be paid whenever it was found.

He prescribed half that amount—one-tenth—on produce whose acquisition entails greater difficulty, toil, and expense. This applies to fruits and crops for which a person undertakes to plough the land, break up its soil (3), and sow it, while Allah Himself provides their water (4), without expense to His servant, without purchasing (5) water, and without recourse to a well and an irrigation wheel.

He prescribed half of one-tenth on produce that His servant irrigates at his own expense, using irrigation wheels (6)