and the heart is sorrowful. Hence, something that brings joy is called “a cooling comfort to the eye,” and one says, “May Allah cool his eye through it”; whereas something that brings sorrow is called “a source of burning grief to the eye,” and one says, “May Allah make his eye burn with grief through it.”

Seventh: weeping out of frailty and weakness.

Eighth: hypocritical weeping, when the eyes shed tears while the heart remains hard (1). The person displays humility despite being among the most hard-hearted of people.

Ninth: borrowed weeping and weeping for hire, such as that of a paid female mourner. As ʿUmar ibn al-Khattāb said, she sells her tears and weeps over the grief (2) of others (3).

Tenth: weeping in conformity with others. A man sees people weeping over something that has befallen them and weeps along with them, without knowing why they are weeping. He merely saw them weeping, so he wept.

Tears shed without sound are called bukā—the form without a final glottal stop—whereas weeping accompanied by sound is called bukāʾ—the form with a final glottal stop—following the pattern of nouns denoting sounds (4). The poet said (5):