Zād al-MaʿādIbn al-Qayyim

And concerning the preservation of health, He said:

“But whoever among you is ill or on a journey must fast an equal number of other days.” [al-Baqarah: 184]

He thus permitted the traveller to refrain from fasting in Ramadan to preserve his health, lest fasting and the hardship of travel together tax his strength, weakening him and impairing his health (1).

Concerning the evacuation of harmful matter by shaving the head while in the consecrated state of pilgrimage, He said:

“Whoever among you is ill or has an ailment of the scalp must offer compensation by fasting, charity, or sacrifice.” [al-Baqarah: 196]

He thus permitted someone who is ill or has an ailment of the scalp, while in the consecrated state of pilgrimage, to shave his head, thereby evacuating the corrupt matter and noxious vapours (2) on which (3) lice breed—as happened to Ka'b ibn 'Ujrah (4)—or which cause him illness.

These three are the fundamental principles of medicine. For each category, He mentioned a cause (5) and an example, thereby drawing attention to His blessings upon His servants in similar cases: protecting them from what is harmful, preserving their health, and evacuating harmful matter from their bodies. This is out of mercy for His servants, kindness towards them, and compassion for them (6). He is the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful (7).

(1) مب reads “al-quwwa wa-l-sihha (strength and health),” omitting the verb “tahin (becomes weak).” (2) Thus in the manuscripts, with the hamzah softened. (3) ك, ع read “‘anhā (from them)”; ن reads “tuwallid ‘alayhi (it produces upon him).” (4) For his hadith, see Sahīh al-Bukhārī (1814) and Sahīh Muslim (1201). (5) ك, مب read “shay’an (something),” as does ع, with a mark indicating uncertainty beneath it. The printed edition also has this reading, which is a textual corruption. (6) “Bihim (for them)” does not appear in ص, ج. (7) The author also mentioned these three principles in Ighāthat al-lahfān (Relief for the Distressed), 1:23, and will mention them again in volume four, in the section on Prophetic medicine, pp. 6–7.
وقال في حفظ الصحة: ﴿فَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْكُمْ مَرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ﴾ [البقرة: ١٨٤]، فأباح للمسافر في رمضان الفطرَ حفظًا لصحته لئلا يجتمع على قوَّته الصومُ ومشقَّةُ السفر، فتضعفَ القوة، وتهِنَ الصحة (١). وقال في الاستفراغ في حلق الرأس للمُحْرِم: ﴿فَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْكُمْ مَرِيضًا أَوْ بِهِ أَذًى مِنْ رَأْسِهِ فَفِدْيَةٌ مِنْ صِيَامٍ أَوْ صَدَقَةٍ أَوْ نُسُكٍ﴾ [البقرة: ١٩٦]، فأباح للمريض أو من به أذًى من رأسه وهو محرِم، أن يحلق رأسه، فيستفرغ الموادَّ الفاسدةَ والأبخِرة الرديَّة (٢) التي يتولَّد عليها (٣) القَمْلُ، كما حصل لكعب بن عُجْرة (٤) أو تُولِّد عليه المرضَ. وهذه الثلاثة هي قواعد الطب وأصوله، فذكر من كلِّ جنس منها سببًا (٥) وصورةً منبِّهًا بها على نعمته على عباده في أمثالها من حميتهم، وحفظ صحَّتهم، واستفراغ موادِّ أذاهم، رحمةً بعباده، ولطفًا بهم، ورأفةً بهم (٦). وهو الرؤوف الرحيم (٧).
(١) في مب: «القوة والصحة» بإسقاط الفعل «تهن». (٢) كذا في الأصول بالتسهيل. (٣) ك، ع: «عنها»، وفي ن: «تولِّد عليه». (٤) انظر حديثه في «صحيح البخاري» (١٨١٤) و «صحيح مسلم» (١٢٠١). (٥) ك، مب: «شيئًا»، وكذا في ع مع علامة الاستشكال تحتها. وكذا في المطبوع، وهو تصحيف. (٦) «بهم» لم يرد في ص، ج. (٧) ذكر المصنف هذه القواعد الثلاث في «إغاثة اللهفان» (١/ ٢٣) أيضًا، وسيذكرها مرة أخرى في المجلد الرابع في الطب النبوي (ص ٦ - ٧).

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