to recount the Prophet’s life, peace and blessings be upon him, from his birth to his death, as is customary in works of prophetic biography. Rather, his principal aim was to explain the Prophet’s guidance, peace and blessings be upon him, concerning jihad and military expeditions, as noted earlier. He also indicated this elsewhere (3/ 168), when discussing the rulings derived from the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyyah: “Deriving rulings concerning warfare, the interests of Islam and its followers, and matters of governance under Islamic law from his life and military expeditions is more appropriate than deriving them from men’s opinions. These are two very different approaches, and success comes from Allah Most High.”
As for his presentation, he began his account of the Prophet’s life with the beginning of his prophetic mission, peace and blessings be upon him, when his struggle against the disbelievers and polytheists began “through argument, explanation, and conveying the Quran” (3/ 5). He then described the persecution endured by the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and his Companions in the course of calling people to Islam, until some of them emigrated to Abyssinia and the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, emigrated to Medina. There, permission to fight was revealed to him, followed by the command to do so. From there, the author moved on to recount the campaigns and dispatched expeditions, arranging them by the years in which they occurred. After most of them, he added chapters discussing the rulings and points of jurisprudence derived from their accounts. He sometimes treated particular questions at length when they involved well-known disagreements, presenting the arguments of both sides and weighing them according to his familiar method in his other books.
In doing so, he did not confine himself to explaining the rulings concerning jihad and related matters. Rather, he presented all the insights yielded by his keen intellect, identifying the praiseworthy purposes and divine wisdom contained in the accounts of these campaigns, together with their implications for spiritual conduct and purification of the soul. He did this with the campaigns of Uhud, Hunayn, and Tabūk, devoting a separate chapter after each campaign to the wisdom, deeper meanings, and praiseworthy purposes that could be drawn from it.