Zād al-MaʿādIbn al-Qayyim

for anyone other than Him to create or select. For He, glorified be He, knows best the proper objects of His selection and His pleasure, and what is fit for selection and what is not. No one else shares in this in any way.

Some who lack sound investigation and understanding have held that mā in His words, “They have no choice” [al-Qasas: 68], is a relative pronoun and the object of “and chooses,” meaning: “He chooses what is their choice” (1). This is invalid for several reasons:

First, the relative clause would then lack a resumptive pronoun, since “the choice” is in the nominative as the subject of kāna (“was”), while “theirs” is its predicate. The resulting construction would be: “He chooses that which the choice was theirs.” Such a construction is linguistically impossible.

If it is said, “This can be made valid by treating the resumptive pronoun as omitted, so that the intended wording is: ‘He chooses that in which they had a choice,’ meaning that He chooses the matter which they had the choice to select,”

the answer is: This fails for another reason. This is not one of the cases in which the resumptive pronoun may be omitted. A resumptive pronoun governed by a preposition may be omitted only when the relative pronoun is governed by an identical preposition with the same meaning, as in the words of the Most High:

“He eats of what you eat and drinks of what you drink.” [al-Mu’minūn: 33]

The same applies to similar constructions. It is not permissible to say jā’anī alladhī marartu (“The one whom I passed came to me”), or ra’aytu alladhī raghibtu (“I saw the one whom I desired”), and the like (2).

(1) This is the interpretation preferred by Ibn Jarīr in his Tafsīr (18:299, Hajr edition). He described the first view as “a view whose invalidity, on several grounds, cannot escape anyone of sound judgment …”! See also Ma‘ānī al-Zajjāj (4:151), Ibn al-Anbārī’s Īdāh al-Waqf wa-l-Ibtidā’ (1:824), and Tafsīr al-Qurtubī (13:305–306). (2) This is open to question: a resumptive pronoun governed by a preposition may be omitted when its referent is unambiguous and cannot be confused with anything else. Examples include Allah’s words, “To what you command us? And it increased them”—that is, ta’murunā bihi (you command us to do it)—and “Proclaim what you are commanded”—that is, tu’maru bihi (you are commanded to do it). See al-Radī’s Sharh al-Kāfiya (2:222–223).
لأحد أن يخلق ولا يختار سواه، فإنه سبحانه أعلم بمواقع اختياره، ومحالِّ رضاه، وما يصلح للاختيار مما لا يصلح له؛ وغيرُه لا يشاركه في ذلك بوجه. وذهب بعض من لا تحقيق عنده ولا تحصيل إلى أن (ما) في قوله: ﴿مَا كَانَ لَهُمُ الْخِيَرَةُ﴾ [القصص: ٦٨] موصولة، وهي مفعول ﴿وَيَخْتَارُ﴾ أي: ويختار الذي لهم الخيرة (١). وهذا باطل من وجوه: أحدها: أن الصلة حينئذ تخلو من العائد، لأن ﴿الْخِيَرَةُ﴾ مرفوع بأنه اسم كان، والخبر ﴿لَهُمُ﴾، فيصير المعنى: ويختار الذي كان الخيرة لهم، وهذا التركيب محال من القول. فإن قيل: يمكن تصحيحه بأن يكون العائد محذوفًا، ويكون التقدير: ويختار الذي كان لهم الخيرة فيه، أي ويختار الأمر الذي كان لهم الخيرة في اختياره. قيل: هذا يفسد من وجه آخر، وهو أن هذا ليس من المواضع التي يجوز فيها حذف العائد، فإنه إنما يحذف مجرورًا إذا جُرَّ بحرفٍ جُرَّ الموصولُ بمثله مع اتحاد المعنى، نحو قوله تعالى: ﴿يَأْكُلُ مِمَّا تَأْكُلُونَ مِنْهُ وَيَشْرَبُ مِمَّا تَشْرَبُونَ﴾ [المؤمنون: ٣٣] ونظائره. ولا يجوز أن يقال: جاءني الذي مررت، ورأيت الذي رغبت، ونحوه (٢).
(١) وهذا الذي اختاره ابن جرير في «تفسيره» (١٨/ ٢٩٩ - هجر)، ووصف القول الأول بأنه «قول لا يخفى فساده على ذي حِجًا من وجوه ... »! وانظر: «معاني الزجاج» (٤/ ١٥١) و «إيضاح الوقف والابتداء» لابن الأنباري (١/ ٨٢٤) و «تفسير القرطبي» (١٣/ ٣٠٥ - ٣٠٦). (٢) فيه نظر، فإنَّ عائد الموصول المجرور يجوز حذفه إذا كان متعيِّنًا حتى لا يلتبس بغيره، كقوله تعالى: ﴿لِمَا تَأْمُرُنَا وَزَادَهُمْ﴾ أي: تأمرنا به؛ وقوله: ﴿فَاصْدَعْ بِمَا تُؤْمَرُ﴾ أي تؤمر به. انظر: «شرح الكافية» للرضي (٢/ ٢٢٢ - ٢٢٣).

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