Zād al-MaʿādIbn al-Qayyim

To proceed: Allah, glorified be He, alone (1) creates and selects from among created beings. He, the Most High, says:

“And your Lord creates what He wills and chooses.” [al-Qasas: 68]

The choosing meant here (2) is not the will to which the speculative theologians refer when they describe Him as an agent who acts by choice. He, glorified be He, is indeed such, but that is not the meaning of choosing here. Choosing in that sense is already included in His words, “creates,” for He creates only by His choice, and in His words, “what He wills,” for willing is choosing. Rather, choosing here means selecting and singling out. It is a choice made after creation, whereas choosing in the general sense precedes creation. The latter is broader and prior; the former is narrower and subsequent. One is a choice from among created beings; the other is a choice to create.

According to the sounder of the two views, a complete pause is made after His words, “and chooses,” and His words, “They have no choice” [al-Qasas: 68], express a negation. That is, this choice does not belong to them, but to the Creator alone. Just as He alone (3) creates, He alone (4) selects from His creation (5). Thus, it is not

(1) J, K, N: “al-mutafarrid” (the sole one). (2) Mb: “hāhunā bi-l-ikhtiyār” (here, by choosing). Q then adds “wa-l-irāda” (and the will). N originally had the same reading, but the wāw (and) was subsequently crossed out because it was extraneous. (3) S, ʿ, Mb, N: “al-munfarid” (the sole one). (4) ʿ, Mb, N: “al-munfarid” (the sole one). (5) “Minhu” (from it) is omitted in ʿ and K.
وبعد، فإن الله سبحانه هو المنفرد (١) بالخلق والاختيار من المخلوقات، قال تعالى: ﴿وَرَبُّكَ يَخْلُقُ مَا يَشَاءُ وَيَخْتَارُ﴾ [القصص: ٦٨]. وليس المراد بالاختيار هاهنا (٢) الإرادة التي يشير إليها المتكلمون بأنه الفاعل المختار، وهو سبحانه كذلك، ولكن ليس المراد بالاختيار هاهنا هذا المعنى، وهذا الاختيار داخل في قوله: ﴿يَخْلُقُ﴾ فإنه لا يخلق إلا باختياره، وداخل في قوله: ﴿مَا يَشَاءُ﴾ فإن المشيئة هي الاختيار. وإنما المراد بالاختيار هاهنا: الاجتباء والاصطفاء، فهو اختيار بعد الخلق، والاختيار العامُّ اختيار قبل الخلق؛ فهو أعمُّ وأسبقُ، وهذا أخص؛ وهو متأخر، فهو اختيار من الخلق، والأول اختيار للخلق. وأصح القولين أن الوقف التام على قوله: ﴿وَيَخْتَارُ﴾، ويكون ﴿مَا كَانَ لَهُمُ الْخِيَرَةُ﴾ [القصص: ٦٨] نفيًا، أي: ليس هذا الاختيار إليهم، بل هو إلى الخالق وحده. فكما أنه المتفردُ (٣) بالخلق، فهو المتفرد (٤) بالاختيار منه (٥). فليس
(١) ج، ك، ن: «المتفرد». (٢) مب: «هاهنا بالاختيار». وبعده في ق: «والإرادة». وكذا كان في ن، ثم ضرب على الواو لأنها مقحمة. (٣) ص، ع، مب، ن: «المنفرد». (٤) ع، مب، ن: «المنفرد». (٥) «منه» ساقط من ع، ك.

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