Zād al-MaʿādIbn al-Qayyim

The eleventh ruling: A person in pilgrimage consecration is prohibited from covering his face. Scholars have differed on this issue. Al-Shāfiʿī and Ahmad, according to one report from him, permit it, whereas Mālik, Abū Hanīfah, and Ahmad, according to another report, prohibit it. Six Companions held it to be permissible: ʿUthmān, ʿAbd al-Rahmān ibn ʿAwf, Zayd ibn Thābit, Ibn al-Zubayr (1), Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqās, and Jābir (2). There is also a third, anomalous opinion: if he is alive, he may cover his face, but if he is dead, his face must not be covered. This was the view of Ibn Hazm (3), and it accords with his literalist approach.

Those who permit it adduced the statements of these Companions, the presumption of permissibility, and the implication of the Prophet’s words, “And do not cover his head.” They answered the wording, “And do not cover his face,” by arguing that this phrase is not reliably transmitted in the hadith. Shuʿbah said (4): “Abū Bishr narrated it to me. Then, ten years later, I asked him about it, and he related the hadith as before, except that he said, ‘Do not cover his head or his face.’” They said that this indicates the weakness of that phrase (5). They further said that this hadith has also been narrated (6) with the wording: “Cover his face, but do not cover his head” (7).

(1) The printed edition reads “al-Zubayr,” which is an error. (2) See the statements of these Companions in Ibn Hazm’s al-Muhallā (7:91–92). (3) In al-Muhallā (5:150). (4) Narrated by al-Nasā’ī in al-Mujtabā (2854) and al-Kubrā (3823). See also al-Jawhar al-naqī (5:54). (5) See al-Mughnī (5:153), Nasb al-rāya (3:28), and al-Irwā’ (4:197–200). (6) The passage from “lā tukhammirū” (“Do not cover”) to “hādhā al-hadīth” (“this hadith”) is omitted in manuscript k. (7) Narrated by al-Shāfi‘ī in al-Umm (2:605), and through him by al-Bayhaqī in al-Sunan al-kubrā (5:54) and al-Ma‘rifa (5:226).
الحكم الحادي عشر: منع المحرم من تغطية وجهه. وقد اختُلِف في هذه المسألة: فمذهب الشَّافعيِّ وأحمد في روايةٍ إباحتُه، ومذهب مالك وأبي حنيفة وأحمد في روايةٍ المنعُ منه. وبإباحته قال ستَّةٌ من الصَّحابة: عثمان، وعبد الرَّحمن بن عوفٍ، وزيد بن ثابتٍ، وابن الزبير (١)، وسعد بن أبي وقَّاصٍ، وجابر (٢). وفيه قولٌ ثالثٌ شاذٌّ: إن كان حيًّا فله تغطية وجهه، وإن كان ميِّتًا لم يجز أن يُغطَّى وجهه. قاله ابن حزمٍ (٣)، وهو اللَّائق بظاهريَّته. واحتجَّ المبيحون بأقوال هؤلاء الصَّحابة، وبأصل الإباحة، وبمفهوم قوله: «ولا تُخمِّروا رأسه». وأجابوا عن قوله: «ولا تُخمِّروا وجهه» بأنَّ هذه اللَّفظة غير محفوظةٍ فيه. قال شعبة (٤): حدَّثنيه أبو بشر، ثمَّ سألته عنه بعد عشر سنين، فجاء بالحديث كما كان، إلا أنَّه قال: «لا تُخمِّروا رأسَه ولا وجهَه». قالوا: وهذا يدلُّ على ضعفها (٥). قالوا: وقد روي في هذا الحديث (٦): «خَمِّروا وجهه، ولا تُخمِّروا رأسه» (٧).
(١) في المطبوع: «الزبير»، وهو خطأ. (٢) انظر أقوال هؤلاء الصحابة في «المحلى» لابن حزم (٧/ ٩١ - ٩٢). (٣) في «المحلى» (٥/ ١٥٠). (٤) رواه النسائي في «المجتبى» (٢٨٥٤) و «الكبرى» (٣٨٢٣)، وانظر: «الجوهر النقي» (٥/ ٥٤). (٥) انظر: «المغني» (٥/ ١٥٣) و «نصب الراية» (٣/ ٢٨) و «الإرواء» (٤/ ١٩٧ - ٢٠٠). (٦) «لا تخمروا ... هذا الحديث» ساقطة من ك. (٧) رواه الشافعي في «الأم» (٢/ ٦٠٥) ومن طريقه البيهقي في «السنن الكبرى» (٥/ ٥٤) و «المعرفة» (٥/ ٢٢٦).

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