never imagined, nor even entertained. He beholds waves of froth surging from restless breasts, crashing against one another, checked by nothing but stray notions, passing fancies, and feverish obsessions hurled up by souls that God has not strengthened with the Spirit of Truth, upon which the sun of guidance has never risen, and which have never experienced the reality of faith (1). Their thoughts and delusions therefore know no end.
If you wish to see this for yourself, examine the books on sects, opinions, and religions: you will find that every idea that crosses your mind has already been adopted by some, and others have followed them—indeed, beyond that lie doctrines you would never have conceived.
All of these factions force the texts of revelation into the mould of their own claims, interpreting them according to their whims; yet you will find people of weak intellect hastening to respond to them and eager to accept from them. They rush to take whatever those innovators put before them, receive it unquestioningly, and are more zealous in propagating it than they are in calling to the truth brought by the Messengers. Matters were never thus with regard to accepting the summons of the Messengers: it is well known what God’s envoys endured in inviting people to Him—struggle, hardship, and relentless opposition. They met the severest toil and the most hateful abuse, suffering the harshest injuries, until those whom God willed answered the call to a truth that accords with innate nature, is the twin of the soul, the life of hearts, the delight of eyes, and the salvation of selves. Yet no sooner did the devil of false reinterpretation raise his head, bare his fangs, and hoist for them a banner of esoteric exegesis [q 17 a] than they flocked to him in droves and as individuals.
They are the brethren of the low and ignoble rabble, akin to cattle—indeed, more misguided than cattle: a drum gathers them, a staff scatters them! So consider what Noah, Abraham, Ṣāliḥ, Hūd, Shuʿayb, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad—may God’s peace and blessings be upon them all—faced in