measured against the opinions of those who practice qiyās (analogical reasoning), nor against the intellects of philosophers and speculative theologians, nor against the statecraft of governors, rulers, and sultans, nor against the spiritual tastes of ascetics and devout worshippers. Rather, all of these must be examined in light of what he—may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him—brought, just as an unidentified batch of silver coins is submitted to the most expert assayer: whatever he confirms as genuine is accepted, and whatever he declares counterfeit is rejected. Allah is the One who guides to what is right.