from whom he absorbed the entirety of his philosophical system. Jahm likewise adopted it—as Imam Aḥmad and others have mentioned—after debating the Samaniyya, a group of Indian philosophers who deny all knowledge except that which is apprehended by the senses.

Thus the chains of transmission for Jahm lead back to the Jews, the Sabians, the polytheists, and the misguided philosophers, whether Sabian or pagan.

Then, when the Greek books were rendered into Arabic toward the close of the second century AH, the calamity increased along with what